Climate and carbon budget implications of linked future changes in CO 2 and non-CO 2 forcing

patterns and variations in native and non-native interlanguage pragmatic rating: effects of rater training, intercultural proficiency, and self-assessment

although there are studies on pragmatic assessment, to date, literature has been almost silent about native and non-native english raters’ criteria for the assessment of efl learners’ pragmatic performance. focusing on this topic, this study pursued four purposes. the first one was to find criteria for rating the speech acts of apology and refusal in l2 by native and non-native english teachers...

Photodesorption of ices I : CO , N 2 and CO 2

Context. A long-standing problem in astrochemistry is how molecules can be maintained in the gas phase in dense interand circum-stellar regions. Photodesorption is a non-thermal desorption mechanism, which may explain the small amounts of observed cold gas in cloud cores and disk mid-planes. Aims. The aim is to determine the UV photodesorption yields and to constrain the photodesorption mechani...

Global atmospheric carbon budget : results from an e semble of atmo pheric CO 2 inversions

2 Radiative Forcing of Climate

Temporal changes in the emissions of CH 4 and CO from China estimated from CH 4 / CO 2 and CO / CO 2 correlations observed at Hateruma Island

In situ observation of the atmospheric CO2, CH4, and CO mixing ratios at Hateruma Island (HAT, 24.05 N, 123.80 E) often show synoptic-scale variations with correlative elevations during winter, associated with air transport from the East Asian countries. We examine winter (November–March) trends in 1CH4 /1CO2, 1CO /1CO2, and1CO /1CH4 observed at Hateruma over the period 1999 to 2010. To investi...